Bibliography

For Assignment 3 I had to use the CrossSearch tool on the university's online library catalogue. This database provides the user with useful resources including books, journals and articles, on the topic that is being researched. In this instance I was using this application to search for articles relating to my chosen area of investigation which I identified in assignment 2 - Advertising and Health Awareness.

I had to consider books, magazines, articles and journals and finally make a selection of around 6 to 7 key texts. I had never used this online tool before but after a short while it was easy to follow. In order to view as many related texts as possible I had to do broad searches rather than being to specific. I soon discovered that these texts may not be in the first category you look at and that several searches are required in order to get a wide range of resources.

I managed to find several journal articles which I think could be interesting to look at in more depth however the library catalogue struggled to provide me with suitable books on my chosen topic. A trip to the main library had no success either so the majority of my chosen texts are journals.

The final part of Assignment 3 was to produce a bibliography. I have never had to do this before and I actually found it quite tricky! Whilst researching Harvard Style online I found slight variations between different websites so I have chosen to go with my sisters notes given to her at university. So I hope I've got it right!


Bibliography

Baker, H. (2008) ‘Can a public health intervention improve awareness and health-seeking behaviour for glaucoma?’ British Journal of Ophthalmology, 92 (12): 1670 – 1675.

This journal article outlines an investigation into ‘whether a public education campaign can increase awareness and change help-seeking behaviour with respect to ocular health in an Indian population.’ A study was carried out using different kinds of media to promote the scheme. Results showed that there was an increase in people aware of glaucoma, and that radio is an effective means of raising awareness. This article raises some interesting points that would be useful for further research into effective health advertising. Knowing what media works best can reduce costs whilst also producing as much advertising as possible.



Basil, MD. (1996). ‘Identification as a mediator of celebrity effects.’ Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 40 (4): 478 – 495.

In this Proceedings Paper the effects of celebrity endorsers on consumer behaviour have been researched. Previous studies focus on credibility or attractiveness as being important issues in relation to effectiveness but a review of Burke, Kelman and Bandura’s theories suggests identification is a key factor. After carrying out tests, findings suggest that a ‘spokesperson with whom the audience identifies insures the greatest likelihood of achieving lasting attitude or behaviour change.’ I think this could be very useful in my research and could also be used successfully to promote health awareness in the future. By knowing what triggers a positive response designers can use a certain type of celebrity in such campaigns.



Dibb, S (1993) Children: ‘Advertisers’ Dream, Nutrition Nightmare? The Case For More Responsibility in Food Advertising.’ London: National Food Alliance.

The NFA’s purpose is to ‘improve the health of the general public and increase knowledge and appreciation of the way in which food is produced and distributed.’ This report looks into he effect of advertising on children’s food preferences. It argues for more ‘responsible advertising practices’ and suggests that regulatory bodies ensure that positive messages which inform the public of advantages of healthy living are promoted. This book is now quite dated however it would be good to look at the information found during this period and compare it to advertising that is now produced for children.



Evans, DW. (2008) ‘Social Marketing Campaigns and Children's Media Use.’ Children and Electronic Media, 18 (1): 181 – 203.

In this journal article Evans argues that not all marketing in the electronic media is confined to the sale of products.’ It is noted that the same techniques used by commercial marketers have been adopted to help promote healthy lifestyles. Evan examines recent campaigns and conducts research and evaluation in order to identify their effectiveness. He provides evidence on how ‘social marketing can promote healthful behaviour, how it can counter media messages about unhealthful behaviour, and how it can encourage discussions between parents and children.’ This research could be very helpful in relation to the topic I am researching as it examines one of the key areas I was interested in. The results also suggest that by looking at previous campaigns, which have been successful, designers could help promote ‘smart media use.’



Frank, R., Pindyck, T., Donahue, S., Pease, E., Foster, M., Felton, C. &Essock, S. (2006) ‘Impact of a media campaign for disaster mental health counseling in post-September 11 New York.’ Psychiatric Services, 57 (9): 1304 -1308.

‘After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, the New York State Office of Mental Health (NYOMH) initiated a three-phase multifaceted, multilingual media campaign that advertised the availability of counseling services.’ This study examined the link between spending and the number of calls the organization received. Results show that during the periods of maximum advertising calls peaked. The authors conclude that due to the findings sustained advertising is most effective in ‘encouraging individuals to seek mental health services.’ This study highlights a topic I was interested in researching further. It also suggest that in the future campaigns may have to be sustained in order to have a positive health effect.



Kahn, C. (2001) ‘How the media influences women’s perception of health care.’ Marketing Health Services, 21 (1): 12 - 18.

This Comparative Study/ Journal Article examines ‘the effectiveness of media sources that marketers use to channel direct-to-consumer campaigns to women.’ A study was carried out whereby female participants were divided into groups depending on several social aspects including their marital status, age, employment, etc. Health care information was presented through various formats including Internet, magazines and radio. The results of this research show that women in certain ‘population segments’ reacted very differently to the information depending on how it was presented. These findings could be very helpful for future health care advertising. By understanding different groups of people designers can gear their campaigns to have maximum impact.



Lewis, M., Watson, B., White, K. & Tay, R. (2007). ‘Promoting Public Health Messages: Should We Move Beyond Fear-Evoking Appeals in Road Safety?’ Qualitative Health Research, 17 (1): 61 – 74.

The authors of this journal article conducted experiments through a series of focus groups. The aim was to gain knowledge on how successful fear provoking messages are compared to positive appeals (in relation to road traffic injury prevention advertising). Their findings suggest that more attention should be placed on ‘positive emotional appeals.’ Another useful article that researches the topic I am interested in. From a design point of view, the more knowledge of what type of advertising works the higher the chance that the public will be influenced in the future.



McDonald, PW. (2007) ‘A practical, cost-effective method for recruiting people into healthy eating behavior programs.’ Preventing Chronic Deisease Public Health Research, Practice and Policy, 4 (2): 1 -7.

The study outlined in this journal article is ‘to determine whether classified newspaper advertising is an effective and efficient method of recruiting participants into a healthy eating program and to determine whether segmenting messages by transtheoretical stage of change would help engage individuals at all levels of motivation to change their eating behaviour.’ A study was carried out to find out the effects of placing adverts in newspapers. The study had a positive response from the public and attempts to send influential messages to different audiences was deemed successful. The journal also suggests that this approach was a cost-efficient compared to many other common promotional methods used. I think these facts are very interesting for both my research and future projects. Designers need to use the best method of communication whilst also meeting a budget and this research outlines a possible solution.



Slater, JS., Henly, G., Ha, C., Malone, M., Nyman, J., Diaz, S. & McGovem, P. (2005) ‘Effect of direct mail as a population-based strategy to increase mammography use among low-income underinsured women ages 40 to 64 years.’ Cancer Epidemiology, Biomakers and Prevention, 14 (10): 2346 – 2352.

This journal outlines a study carried out to find successful strategies to ‘enroll eligible women’ into the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Programme. A randomised trial was carried out to access ‘the effect of two mailed interventions on mammography utilisation.’ Results collected a year later showed that direct mail has a positive effect; the number of women using this service increased. These mailers were aimed at low paid women, therefore direct mail should be considered for use by designers aiming to effectively inform similar groups in the future. These findings are very interesting and will be good for my research as they look into ways of producing effective health advertising.